What Makes a Good Audio Prompt for Zero-Shot TTS? Learning Prompt Selection from Synthesis Outcomes

Counts differ because each database indexes a different set of publications. We treat OpenAlex as the canonical count; Google Scholar is not shown (no API, and crawling it violates its ToS).

Zero-shot text-to-speech (TTS) models clone a target voice from a short reference clip, commonly referred to as the prompt. In practice, the prompt has to be cut from a longer recording of the speaker, so which part to use must be chosen. To understand what makes a good prompt, we analyze hundreds of thousands of outputs synthesized by four TTS models from candidate prompts of YouTube recordings. The choice of prompt substantially changes intelligibility, naturalness and speaker similarity. Standard predicted-quality scores capture mainly the naturalness part but miss most of the intelligibility gain. We find that the models largely agree on which prompt yields the highest measured speaker similarity, but much less on which prompt yields intelligible speech. We propose a small network that learns from the outputs a TTS model produced to rank a recording's candidate prompts from their audio alone. Without synthesizing anything at selection time, it picks prompts that lower the word error rate on held-out recordings by a third (Qwen3-TTS) to two fifths (F5-TTS) relative to a randomly chosen prompt, more than predicted quality achieves and nearly as much as synthesizing a dozen test sentences from every candidate first.