Tracing the Influence of Retrieved Literature on Scientific Ideation in LLMs

Counts differ because each database indexes a different set of publications. We treat OpenAlex as the canonical count; Google Scholar is not shown (no API, and crawling it violates its ToS).

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to generate research ideas from scientific literature. Existing systems combine literature retrieval with search, generation, and refinement, making it difficult to determine how the retrieval strategy itself shapes the ideas generated. We isolate this contribution by comparing five retrieval strategies and a No Literature baseline under a shared generation protocol, using 45,000 ideas across 15 machine learning topics and ten open-weight models. Relative to no literature basline, all five retrieval strategies reduce diversity among ideas generated from the same set of papers by $5.6\%$--$17.9\%$, while most increase diversity by $10.2\%$--$18.1\%$ when ideas from different sets are pooled. Effects on idea quality and novelty are modest on average but vary across topics. We further apply a JSD-based attribution method to trace the influence of individual input papers on each idea's motivation, core idea, approach, and validation. In $79.3\%$ of ideas, only one or two distinct papers receive the highest attribution scores across these four parts. These leading sources often recur across ideas generated from the same set of papers, and groups with more varied source attribution contain more diverse ideas ($r=0.70$). These findings motivate various sets of literature and the use of attribution to guide the choice of sources for subsequent ideas.