INTR++: INterpretable TRansformer with better Accuracy, Interpretability, and Adaptability

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Interpretable Transformers often perform well in domain specific settings but lose effectiveness beyond that. Achieving ViT-like broad applicability requires models with consistent performance across domains. Recent works on Interpretable Transformers, INTR and Prompt-CAM, were developed keeping domain adaptability in mind. Prompt-CAM leverages learnable prompts to promote adaptability. However, these prompts are fixed in nature and therefore struggle to adapt to domains with substantial variation in input image characteristics, resulting in reduced interpretability. To address this limitation, we propose INTR++, which extends Prompt-CAM by incorporating a lightweight Prompt Adapter Module (PAM). PAM enables prompts to be adaptive by enriching them with domain-specific knowledge, thereby ensuring consistent interpretability across diverse domains including those with varying image characteristics such as medical imaging, micro-scopic imaging, and remote sensing imagery. INTR++ retains the standard architecture and end-to-end learning of Interpretable Transformer based models, while adding only a small number of additional parameters compared to Prompt-CAM. We demonstrate that INTR++ delivers consistent improvements in all aspects across domains like animals, plants, medical imaging, microscopic imaging, remote sensing imagery and object-centric data.