When Talk Isn't Code: Comparing LLM Agents That Simulate and Develop Software

Counts differ because each database indexes a different set of publications. We treat OpenAlex as the canonical count; Google Scholar is not shown (no API, and crawling it violates its ToS).

LLMs are used both to simulate network protocol implementations, as honeypots do, and to write them. Prior work evaluates the two uses separately, from a model's answers or conversations in one case and from its generated code in the other. We observe that a knowledge probe (asking the model which security checks an implementation needs) and a conversation can credit security checks that the generated program lacks, but no study has compared them with the code the same model writes. To fill this gap, we present the first such comparison between simulation mode (S-mode), where the model plays the implementation in a conversation, and development mode (D-mode), where the model writes the program and the program is attacked, with a knowledge probe as a baseline. We design and implement a harness that judges all three with one attack suite and one oracle, and evaluate 15 LLMs on four protocol implementations. We find that with the full security specification, the median model's attack success is at most 4\% on reassembly, HTTP, and firewall implementations in both modes, but 13\% in S-mode and 15\% in D-mode on DNS. In D-mode, adding the missing DNS requirement to the specification cuts that attack from 100\% to 34\% and changes only that check, whereas deleting a stated rule weakens the program on other checks too. Asking the model beforehand does not predict which checks a program has, since 13 of the 14 models that write a DNS resolver name the check, yet all 42 programs lack it. S-mode is a useful first filter, flagging 82\% of the real DNS vulnerabilities and leaving 96\% of the safe cases unflagged. It errs in both directions, over-reporting security checks that D-mode does not implement and under-reporting checks that D-mode does. S-mode can screen but not replace D-mode testing, and security requirements should be written down even when a model can recite them.