Joint Precision Neural Networks: Task-Aware Dependency and Predictive Learning

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Exploiting meaningful latent structures from data to solve downstream tasks is a fundamental challenge in signal processing and machine learning. While Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and coVariance Neural Networks (VNNs) successfully leverage the covariance matrix to process data, they inherently capture both direct and indirect correlations. The precision matrix (inverse covariance) overcomes this by explicitly encoding conditional independencies, making it largely studied in graphical lasso and graph topology identification. However, finite-sample precision estimates are notoriously unstable, and regularized estimators remain task-agnostic. In this work, our principal contribution is tackling the challenging problem of task-aware graph inference. We propose Precision Neural Networks-Joint (PNN-Joint), a framework that jointly estimates a sparse, statistically grounded precision matrix alongside graph neural network weights via an alternating optimization scheme. As a foundational framework to support this, we introduce Precision Neural Networks (PNNs), a broader class of graph convolutional networks operating on precision estimators, and establish their spectral connections to PCA and VNNs alongside their stability to finite-sample errors. Extensive empirical evaluations on synthetic data, as well as real-world neuroimaging and motion sensor datasets, demonstrate that PNN-Joint yields highly interpretable task-aware graphs, exhibits remarkable robustness in low-data regimes, and consistently achieves the best or second-best performance among competitors on real-world tasks.