Re-ranking and Late Interaction Drive Retrieval Quality: A Controlled Comparison of RAG Strategies for Scientific Question Answering

Counts differ because each database indexes a different set of publications. We treat OpenAlex as the canonical count; Google Scholar is not shown (no API, and crawling it violates its ToS).

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is now the standard way to ground Large Language Models (LLMs) in external knowledge, yet the design space of retrieval pipelines is large and the trade-offs between variants are not well understood, especially on domain-specific corpora at realistic scale. In this work, we present a controlled comparison of six retrieval strategies for scientific question answering: (i) classic top-k dense retrieval, (ii) LLM-based query rephrasing, (iii) query rephrasing followed by LLM-based reranking, (iv) multi-query fusion via Reciprocal Rank Fusion (RRF), (v) an agentic tool-call pipeline in which the generator decides for itself whether to retrieve, and (vi) late-interaction retrieval with ColBERTv2. All six pipelines share the same generator (Meta-Llama/Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct), prompt, and evaluation protocol; the five single-vector pipelines additionally share SPECTER2 embeddings and a Chroma vector store; and all six retrieve from the full corpus of 463,971 arXiv papers dated 2024-2025. To support reproducible, large-scale evaluation, we also release a synthetic question dataset of 19,484 problem-statement and methodology questions generated by Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct from a random sample of 10,000 papers across academic domains (query generation succeeded for 9,742 of them), and every strategy is evaluated on this same query set. We describe the architecture and implementation of each pipeline, release the code and the synthetic question dataset, and evaluate each strategy with an LLM-as-a-judge protocol along multiple quality dimensions, together with direct gold-paper retrieval metrics. The result is an open testbed for studying the cost and quality trade-offs of RAG design choices on a research-literature corpus, and a basis for future work on faithfulness, retrieval robustness, and agentic retrieval.