Whose Posts Get Ranked: Identical-Text Exposure Gaps in Bluesky Custom Feeds

Counts differ because each database indexes a different set of publications. We treat OpenAlex as the canonical count; Google Scholar is not shown (no API, and crawling it violates its ToS).

Bluesky lets users deploy custom feeds, independently operated recommendation algorithms that the platform serves alongside thousands of others. This paper investigates how evenly these feeds treat posts with the same text. To measure this, we take repeated snapshots of the Top-50 lists that 1,366 public feeds return, and we group posts with identical text, from different authors, that were created before the same list response and closely matched in age. Exposure diverges widely inside these matched sets, which span 250 feeds: in 33% of sets, one copy appears on the list while another does not. Fixed-effects regressions show that this divergence is associated with the author’s history on the specific feed. Authors new to a feed receive less exposure for the same text (− 0.061 in reciprocal-rank weight), while authors whose posts the feed has returned before receive more. A new author with more followers than the competing author still loses 74% of head-to-head comparisons. Media and post-type features show no detectable association after multiple-comparison correction. These results are early evidence that access to many independent feeds is not enough to give identical texts equal exposure.