A Distilbert Case-Based Deep Learning Model for Part-of-Speech Tagging for Under-Resourced Kenyan Language: A Case of Dholuo

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One of the basic Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks is Part-of-Speech (POS) tagging, which helps in various applications like sentiment analysis and information retrieval. However, creating accurate POS taggers for low-resource African languages continues to be difficult due to the scarcity of linguistic resources that are annotated. Its contribution is a deep learning method for POS tagging of Dholuo, a less-resourced Western Nilotic language, spoken by about four million people in Kenya and Tanzania. The suggested system uses DistilBERT, a small transformer model, in addition to FastText and Word2Vec vector representations of words that are used to capture the context and meaning of a word. The KenCorpus Dholuo POS dataset was carefully preprocessed, normalized, and standardized with the Universal POS tags and balanced using a hybrid resampling strategy to bring about class representation. The proposed method combines contextual transformer representations with complementary word representations and a training strategy that is optimized for the linguistic features of Dholuo, while previous studies primarily used multilingual transformer models or traditional sequence-labeling methods. The framework developed is a computationally efficient one that is well-suited for low-resource language processing. The results of the experiments reveal that the proposed DistilBERT-based model outperforms the baseline Conditional Random Field (CRF) and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) models with an accuracy 79.05%, precision 80.63%, recall 79.05% and F1-score 79.24%. To our best knowledge, these results are the best reported for Dholuo POS tagging, and for under-resourced languages in Africa in general, highlighting the suitability of lightweight transformer architectures.