Self-Supervised Representation Learning: From Spectral Foundation Models to Auroral Emission Spectra

Counts differ because each database indexes a different set of publications. We treat OpenAlex as the canonical count; Google Scholar is not shown (no API, and crawling it violates its ToS).

Auroral spectrographs such as the Auroral Spectrograph In Skibotn (ASIS) record hundreds of thousands of emission spectra, but only a few hundred can be labelled by an expert. To exploit the rest, we pretrain a 1D Vision Transformer with a masked autoencoder on 223,000 unlabelled spectra. Without labels, its representation recovers the emission-line intensity ratios that physicists use to diagnose the precipitating particles (R^2 0.91 vs. 0.77 for an untrained control) and, under one linear probe, classifies as well as 13 features designed by experts. Fine-tuned, the model outperforms the previous supervised auroral classifier on its own benchmark (macro-AP 88.5 vs. 77.8), reaches 0.870 mAP, and exceeds the same architecture trained from scratch by +0.159 with 10% of the labels; attribution shows that it uses both N2+ bands. Could an existing pretrained model replace it? Two astronomical spectral foundation models and a time-series model transfer according to their spectral window: SpectraFM, trained in the infrared, falls below the untrained control, whereas SpecFormer, trained in the optical, approaches in-domain pretraining without reaching it.