Ethics and regulation of AI in higher education: a comparative study of spanish and romanian students using SEM

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This study uses Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) to examine ethical and regulatory perceptions of artificial intelligence in higher education among 364 university students (116 Romanian, 248 Spanish). Results reveal significant cross-national differences, emphasising the role of culture in ethical attitudes. While AI performance showed no significant impact, regulation emerged as a key predictor of ethical acceptance. Findings highlight students’ preference for clear regulatory frameworks over technological efficiency. The study supports culturally responsive policies and calls for governance models that ensure equitable, transparent, and accountable AI integration in academic contexts.