Divide and Doubt: Diverse Distributed Poisoning for Retrieval-Augmented Generation

Counts differ because each database indexes a different set of publications. We treat OpenAlex as the canonical count; Google Scholar is not shown (no API, and crawling it violates its ToS).

Multi-passage corpus poisoning often repeats one target claim across similar documents, creating correlated lexical and semantic patterns that similarity- and conflict-aware defenses can suppress jointly. We introduce DnD (Divide and Doubt), a targeted attack based on two principles: distributing support for the target answer across stylistically diverse passages, and including a passage that casts doubt on evidence for the reference answer. The first disperses poison-passage representations in embedding space, while the second strengthens target adoption when multiple poisoned passages are retrieved. We evaluate DnD on two open-domain QA datasets across three LLMs and nine RAG configurations, under both black-box and white-box access to the retriever. Across these settings, DnD matches or outperforms prior attacks in most configurations, with its largest gains against clustering- and conflict-aware defenses.