SMTB: Fast Structure-Mapping with Tight Bounds

Counts differ because each database indexes a different set of publications. We treat OpenAlex as the canonical count; Google Scholar is not shown (no API, and crawling it violates its ToS).

Structure-mapping forms analogies by aligning systems of relationally connected elements based on shared structure instead of surface features. We introduce a new structure-mapping algorithm: Structure-Mapping with Tight Bounds (SMTB) that is 5--15x faster than the structure-mapping engine (SME) and about 50\% better at finding mappings in large nested domains. SMTB is part of the broader Cognitive Rule Engine (CRE) project, a flexible multi-language-compatible framework with an accessible Python interface to state-of-the-art C++ implementations of core algorithms commonly used in cognitive systems such as pattern matching, planning, and structure-mapping. CRE and SMTB are designed to work with a wide range of representation choices. Unlike SME, which biases higher-order correspondences in tree-like predicate logic, SMTB maximizes relational connectivity without privileging higher-order relations. This allows SMTB to work just as well over arbitrary relational graphs as it does in tree-like domains of nested predicate logic. We discuss situations where privileging "higher-orderness" in structure-mapping can cause issues, and illustrate how SMTB avoids failure modes that SME would encounter in these situations. We also provide an evaluation comparing SMTB to SME v4 over 5845 domain pairs from the SME corpus.