Stress-testing Alignment Midtraining

Counts differ because each database indexes a different set of publications. We treat OpenAlex as the canonical count; Google Scholar is not shown (no API, and crawling it violates its ToS).

When aligning frontier models through post-training techniques, it is not possible to directly demonstrate all of the behaviours we want a model to exhibit in all possible deployment environments; our model must generalise outside of the post-training distribution. One proposed solution is alignment midtraining (AMT), which continues pretraining on large volumes of alignment-relevant documents to encourage generalisation in later stages of training. Despite the prominence of AMT as an alignment approach, there is limited public evidence for its effectiveness. To resolve this, we identify several assumptions around midtraining and evaluate them across scale: up to 110 billion-parameter models and 1 billion midtraining tokens. For instance, we study a scenario where post-training data is ambiguous between two possible motivations. We find that midtraining can steer the model's motivation in simple versions of this setting. However, the presence of a tiny fraction of finetuning data which suggests a competing motivation erases the effects of AMT. We also study scenarios in which we want an AI to follow a number of rules, but only demonstrate a subset of them. We find that demonstrations must be present either in midtraining or post-training datasets for these rules to be robustly learned. Based on these and other findings, we do not believe that there is sufficient public evidence for us to confidently state that midtraining can address the core difficulties inherent in aligning powerful AI systems.